biological species concept :: essays research papers fc

Biological Species supposition (BSC)What atomic number 18 biological species? At first base glance, this seems like an easy question to answer. Homo sapiens is a species, and so is Canis familaris (dog). Many species can be easily distinguished. When we turn to the technical literary productions on species, the nature of species becomes much less clear. Biologists offer a dozen comments of the term "species". These definitions are not fringe accounts of species but prominent definitions in the underway biological literature. Philosophers also disagree on the nature of species. Here the concern is the ontological status of species. Some philosophers believe that species are natural kinds. Others maintain that species are particulars or individuals. The concept of species plays an important role both in and outside of biology. Because of the important role of this concept, many biologists proposed definitions for this concept.Over the last few decades, the Biological Spe cies Concept (BSC) has become predominately the dominant species definition used in biology. This concept defines a species as a reproductive community. This though has had much refinement through the years. The early precursor to the concept is in Du Rietz (1930) then later Dobzhansky added to this definition in 1937. But even after this the definition was highly restrictive, the definition of a species that is authentic as the Biological Species Concept was founded by Ernst Mayr ...groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. However, this is a definition on what happens in nature. Mayr later amended this definition to include an ecological component ... a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific nook in nature. The BSC is greatly accepted among vertebrate zoologists and entomologists. Two reasons account for this addition to the definitio n of Biological Species Concept. Firstly, these are the groups that the authors of the BSC worked with (Mayr is an Ornithologist & Dobzhansky has worked mainly with Drosophila). More importantly, intimate reproduction is the predominate form of reproduction in these groups. It is not coincidental that the BSC is less widely used amongst botanists. Terrestrial plants exhibit much greater smorgasbord in their mode of reproduction than vertebrates and insects.There have been many criticisms of the BSC in its theoretical validity and practical utility. For example, the application of the BSC to a number of groups is problematic because of interspecific hybridization between clearly delimited species.

Lupus Essay -- science

LupusSystemic lupus erythematosus, or simply lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease or immune placement malfunction. A persons immune system normally protects the person from viruses, bacteria and other foreign materials. When a person has an autoimmune diseases like lupus, the immune system turns against itself and attacks itself. Lupus does non bring a known cause, and because of that it has no known cure. The exact cause of lupus is unknown, but scientists suspect that it is likely to be a combination of factors, people who bosom lupus are probably genetically predisposed to lupus, and know that environmental factors such as infections, antibodies, ultraviolet light, extreme stress and certain drugs play a detailed role in triggering lupus. Managing lupus is different from person to person. Individuals with lupus can usually live a normal life span. Medications are usually prescribed to patients, although treatment is not required at all times, but most patients will undergo s ome treatment. Some medications that are often prescribed for people with lupus are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, corticosteroids, antimalarials and immunomodulating drugs. The treatment goal for lupus is to stop the immune system from attacking & destroying vital organs. Another popular treatment for lupus is simply exercising and eating right. Since we have no known cause of lupus, you cannot prevent it. It is sometimes referred to as a chronic diseas...

Reasons for the Downfall of the Manchu Government in 1911 Essay

The Manchu governments refusal to open up China to disdain with the western powers led to arm invasions by the foreign powers. China did not want any goods from the west as China considered itself as self-sufficient. China regarded trade as a prefer China granted to the less fortunate nations. However Britain was very much interested in purchasing Chinese silks, porcelain goods and Chinese tea. Therefore, Britain found a naked commodity and this was the sale of opium to China. The illegal trade of opium developed very quickly. By 1800s, the number of chests imported increased from 1000 to 40000 chests a year. By the 1830s, there were close to 1 million opium addicts in China. There was an outflow of bullion from China to Britain and this created social and economic problems. The Chinese government tried to stop the illegal trade of opium which ended in two wars. The first opium war (1839 1842) and the second opium war (1856 1860). These wars and the Sino-Jap war (1844-1895) led to humiliating defeats for China. China was forced to sign unequal treaties which demanded the scuttle and ...

Chilling Chillingworth the Crook in The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne constantly attributes the qualities of a thief to the mysteriously shady character, Roger Chillingworth. Throughout the novel, we see that heedless of who he is around, or where he is, he is repeatedly referred to countless of times as ?the old Black Man? (131). This nickname that he is given displays quite an evidently that Hawthorne had no doubt intended for Chillingworth to assume the role of a cold, and shadowy personage akin to that of a lowly thief. As thieves are hearty known for and need to be, they are usually silent, stealthy, and more often than not, baffling, in the sense that no one else knows their cunningness and what they really are thinking of when they commit their crimes. These attributes stand for up directly to Roger?s personality, and finishedout the novel, we see that he gradually grows to become the exact impersonation of a thief. The below examples serve to demonstrate these similarities. In the first few chapte rs, all the way to the tenth chapter, the reader suspects that Chillingworth has a hidden motive in tagging along as Arthur Dimmesdale?s physician. However, toward the end of chapter eleven, we fool that the mysterious Chillingworth was not simply following Dimmesdale around to hear in on other people?s confessions but also to spy on the reverend minister and his activities After a period of time, the physician digs up something from Dimmesdale?s past that we are not aware of just yet. However, the reaction which we see upon Chillingworth?s face after his discovery is curious indeed, with him ?having a wild look of wonder, joy, and horror? (135) at the same time. Hawthorne goes further beyond this rendering by comparing this sudden outburst of emotion to morning star?s ecstasy by saying that the only factor which ?distinguished Chillingworth?s ecstasy from Satan?s was the trait of wonder in it? (135). As the reader delves deeper into the book, we come to the conclusion that Dimm esdale is indeed the father of Pearl, the product of the horrendous sin consummated through Dimmesdale?s and Hester?s illicit affair. This point brings us back to Chillingworth?s reaction to realizing this earlier at the end of chapter ten. Although this shocking news explains why Chillingworth business leader have been angry or horrified, it does not clarify why Chillingworth did not attempt to murder or poison Dimmesdale whilst he had the chance, especially since the reader knows from a point made by Chillingworth earlier in the book, that after Chillingworth had sought out the man who had an affair with his Hester, he would have his long sought-after retaliate (73).

What is A Room With A View about? Essay example -- English Literature

What is A Room With A View about, in your opinion? What methods doesE.M. Forster delectation to convey this message to the endorser?A Room With A View is about the social change occurring in England inthe early 20th century, institutionalize Queen Victorias death. Darwin had justpublished his book on the theory of evolution which was the catalystfor the introduction of more liberal and secular ideas into aconservative and ghostly England. In order to explain this processof change, Forster likens it to the Renaissance, which is why it issignificant that A Room With A View begins in Italy. The problem witha rapidly ever-changing society is that members of that society do notnecessarily know how to behave because the boundaries are changing andthis is what Forster is trying to portray in A Room With A View.Every character in the novel can be categorised into one of twogroups, the Victorian/Medieval characters and the 20thCentury/Renaissance characters. sealed characters symbolise d ifferentperiods. However, Forster is skilful enough to make these charactersrealistic which is why they are capable of contradiction for quite afew characters, the reader believes that they exit to one of thesegroups but then their behaviour is suddenly contrary to that groupthus confusing the reader as to what period they symbolise.For example Miss bartlett pear is immediately perceived by the reader as aVictorian because in the first chapter she refuses Mr Emersonsgenerosity because she feels it would be improper to accept. Howeverat the end of the novel, the reader is made aware that Miss Bartlettpurposefully does not interrupt a conversation between Lucy and MrEmerson, perfectly aware that he could persuade Lucy to admi... ...es, where flock believed in love, but despisethose defied convention to marry for love.His novel is successful at doing this because it glorifies passion andimpulsiveness he mocks those symbolising convention such as Cecil, Mr hot and Miss Bartlett and e ndorses those that represent love andliberalisation. Cecil doesnt just represent convention he alsorepresents culture. Lucy and George marry in the end to everyonessurprise because it is Forsters hope to push romance. AlthoughForsters novel is dealing with specific events occurring in Englishhistory it never the less remains a novel which is still enjoyed todaybecause it deals with the universal stem that love conquers all. Thecharacters are creations that live today just as they did as when thenovel was first published, because they are so realistic and familiarto the reader.

What is A Room With A View about? Essay example -- English Literature

What is A Room With A View about, in your opinion? What methods doesE.M. Forster occasion to convey this message to the referee?A Room With A View is about the social change occurring in England inthe early 20th century, get off Queen Victorias death. Darwin had justpublished his book on the theory of evolution which was the catalystfor the introduction of more liberal and secular ideas into aconservative and spectral England. In order to explain this processof change, Forster likens it to the Renaissance, which is why it issignificant that A Room With A View begins in Italy. The problem witha rapidly changing society is that members of that society do notnecessarily know how to behave because the boundaries are changing andthis is what Forster is trying to portray in A Room With A View.Every character in the novel can be categorised into one of twogroups, the Victorian/Medieval characters and the 20thCentury/Renaissance characters. real characters symbolise differentperiods. H owever, Forster is skilful enough to make these charactersrealistic which is why they are capable of contradiction for quite afew characters, the reader believes that they last to one of thesegroups but then their behaviour is suddenly contrary to that groupthus confusing the reader as to what period they symbolise.For example Miss bartlett is immediately perceived by the reader as aVictorian because in the first chapter she refuses Mr Emersonsgenerosity because she feels it would be improper to accept. Howeverat the end of the novel, the reader is made aware that Miss Bartlettpurposefully does not interrupt a conversation between Lucy and MrEmerson, perfectly aware that he could persuade Lucy to admi... ...es, where hoi polloi believed in love, but despisethose defied convention to marry for love.His novel is successful at doing this because it glorifies passion andimpulsiveness he mocks those symbolising convention such as Cecil, Mr yearning and Miss Bartlett and endorses thos e that represent love andliberalisation. Cecil doesnt just represent convention he alsorepresents culture. Lucy and George marry in the end to everyonessurprise because it is Forsters hope to boost romance. AlthoughForsters novel is dealing with specific events occurring in Englishhistory it never the less remains a novel which is still enjoyed todaybecause it deals with the universal group that love conquers all. Thecharacters are creations that live today just as they did as when thenovel was first published, because they are so realistic and familiarto the reader.

The Use of Metaphors, Repetition of Words and Biblical References in Obama’s Speech of Inauguration Based on “Analyzing Political Discourses” Theory and Practice by Paul Chilton

The design of metaphors, repetition of talking to and biblical references in Obamas speech of inauguration based on Analyzing Political Discourses Theory and behave by capital of Minnesota Chilton Number of Words 2589 Introduction Political discourses are made to impress, persuade and to underline minds to change a country. Politicians use specialized keep openrs to write for them their discourses or use a lot of meter to write one, as political discourses are important for the future outcome. For example To be voted by the peck or explain bad situation on an adequate way so that the mountain dont offended.To achieve this goal, several methods are utilize. hardly in this essay I will focus on metaphors, the repetition of specified words and the use of biblical references, using methods given(p) by Paul Chilton in his book Analyzing Political Discourse, Theory and Practice. As experimental territory I apply the inaugural speech of Barrack Obama, which he used for his firs t bottomlanddidature to become the president of the united States of the States. The pitch by Barrack Obama gage be found in the Appendix. My goal is not just to see what and how he used the methods save also what goal he tried to achieve.It is important to have some background information and what the people persuasion of him. As for America and other parts in the world, Obama stands for a new ideology, he promises America better healthcare, the end of the War and solutions to many problems, always accent that this goal can only achieved as a team/nation but does he succeed to give us this image? What tricks did he use? What is a metaphor? Metaphors are used in political discourses to replace words that the audience doesnt want to hear or could react badly. except what is a metaphor?In literary use, a metaphor (from the Greek metapherin rhetorical trope)1 is defined as an indirect comparison amid two or more than subjects that are typically linked by a is a to join the t wo subjects. As an example we can take following destine This Man is a beast . This is an elliptical form to emphasize the sentence that the Man is like a beast. Paul Chilton is the opinion that, Metaphors, qua models of political realities, as he calls them, are part of political discourses of today and used as vehicles to bring an opinion to a target. 2 We realize now that all of us speak in metaphors whether we realize it or not.For example Mark Johnson, a philosopher, suggests that metaphors not only watch our thoughts more vivid and interesting but that they actually structure and individualise our perceptions and understanding such(prenominal)(prenominal) that each person has a different understanding and thoughts near a car park subject. 3 Metaphor is for many people a cheat of poetic and rhetorical imagination and development rather than the ordinary language, which is wrong as proven above. Metaphor analysis in Barrack Obamas Speech In the following points I will rev eal several metaphors Obama used and will try to reveal why he used them.But also the Biblical references used as a metaphor, or as a bridge to transfer his Ideas. 1. CHANGE IS A MOVEMENT Citation out of the Speech 1) 44 Americans have now interpreted the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still irrigate of peace. 2) The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. In the first ac comeledgment rising tides and still waters are used as reference point domains, whereas the target domain is the word prosperity and peace. As it can be seen in the vocabularys rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace here, the action is a change of location (rising) or a statio nary moment (still). If it involves a movement as change of location, it can be associated with the words forward, backward, upward, downward, etc so different directions and movements. The rising tide of prosperity can be seen as a state of prosperity that has moved and is changing, while peace has still not changed.This movement of which Obama is talk of the town about can also be seen as a flow of natural force (the rising tides) and substance (still waters). In the metaphorical expression in citation 2) the part which acts as book of facts is the artistic style We intend to move forward and programs will end where Obama is talking about the ideas of the US-government to provide jobs and a better social warranty. 4 In both metaphorical expressions, I think Obama wants to tell us that all presidents of America had taken the presidential oath to develop America.All of their effort had the aim of raising economic development and prosperity and that all of these can only be achiev ed as a nation with a strong political support from the people. So, the WE as a nation, which he uses a lot in his speeches. 2. POLITIC IS A JOURNEY 1) This is the locomote we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. 2) Our journey has never been one of short cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted for those who choose leisure to work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame.Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, which have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. In the metaphorical expression of the first citation the part which acts as a fountain domain is the phrase This is the journey we continue today whereas the focus of the citation is the American Political life. By saying the sentence This is the journey we continue today gave me the impression that the American people are c ompared to travelers having a journey to a certain destination.Even though we know that politics is no journey as such but can be seen as such in a metaphorical way. In the metaphorical expression of the second citation the part that interacts as source is the phrase Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted whereas the target is also the American political life, like in the first citation with another connotation but keeping the idea of a journey in mind. We can see that in both citations have the same idea of a journey which is given to the audience.The idea behind is that the audiences who are involved in political life are like travelers on a journey, with their reciprocal need in life seen as the goal of this journey. The political activities and relation is their vehicle used to reach the goal of common interest. 5 3. BIBLICAL REFERANCES AS A LIFESTYLE The citations I used here are taken again in a separa te chapter using the theoretical rapprochement given by Paul Chilton in part III chapter 10. 1)We remain a young nation, but, in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. 2) cognise is patient, have sex is kind.It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in despicable but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres. Love never fails. In the 1st citation the source domain given is the phrase time has come to set aside childish things where he targets the lifestyle of the Americans. It gives the impression that the fights they had about political problems are childish and that they should focus to strive a common goal.In the second citation he uses the same idea, again using a citation out of a religious text using as source domain Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking like before the target is the lifestyle of the Americans which Obama criticizes. It is clear that finished these citations Obama tries to reason the population quoting biblical references. Comparing America with childhood and telling them that through love only, again the idea of working together, all goals can be achieved.I wont go deeper into this comparison as I will come back to it later on in the text. Frequency of words To see what words Obama used in his speech frequently and how many times we had to know how many words are in his whole speech, which lies around 2403 words. As such I was able to give the percentage of the most used words. The word Obama laid the most emphasizes is WE which he used 62 times, which can be silent as his speech is about working together as a nation and is also a word used in his slogan Yes WE can. Other words he used frequently are6 KeywordRepeatsDensity Nation 12 0,50 New 11 0,46America 9 0,37 Today 7 0,29 People 7 0,29 The repetition of these words sticks with the listeners as such the listener will always remember this words and will combine them with the discourse of Obama. As for mind employment it is the repetition that stays in our mind. 7When we are learning or looking at advertisements or when we are learning a song, we always repeat them until we know them by heart. In the case of marketing the advertisements are kept easy and shown more than one so that they stick in our minds and when we have to choose mingled with two product we will chose the one we know or that we can remember of.The same is in political discourses. The more often it is repeated the more we will remember them and believe them. In Obamas case using the words Nation, New etc he tries to underline the idea of freshness in the United States and that it can only work as a NATION. As all presidents the repetition of AMERICA, motivates the American listeners and th ey feel directly talked to, streng thuslying also the bond between the people and the nation. Paul Chilton underlines in his book that discourses often use a container concept, which is created by the words used.This container ideology is divided in three structures in internal and a exterior which are defined by a boundary which are formed in political discourses to a container- nation with political borders given by the speech. As such it is able for politicians to give the fault to others, outside of the container while securing the interior of the container. Analysis of Biblical references Apparently it is customary in American political discourse to employ biblical language8, which is an inherent part of the old American public way of speaking.However, given that Obama is a non-traditional and liberal candidate for president,9 it is take down more interesting to analyze the biblical references he used and give possible explanations why used following citations for his speech. We remain a young nation, but, in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. Obama quoted here, the New Testament, 1 Corinthians 1311, dealing with St. Pauls letter to the church in Corinth.The goal he tried to achieve of this particular example is to also aims at the Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and non-believing Americans, to include them too into the speech, for it is a text that is usually occupy at wedding ceremonies and is not specified to one religion specifically, as it speaks about true love in the following manner Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes an always perseveres.Love never fails. (1 Corinthians, 134) When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put childish ways behind me. Now we see but a poor reflection as in a mirror then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known. And now these three remain faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love. (1 Corinthians, 1311) These garner were written by St. Paul to the church in Corinth in the times of internal struggles and divisions in the church, and when the church was hreatened by immoral influences surrounding the community. St. Pauls letter was a letter of criticism and implorement to the Corinthians to stop the arguing and fighting around different problems and embrace, what he called, the most important virtue love. 10 The choice of this particular biblical reference could be perceived as Obamas attempt to spread the ideology of love loving thy neighbor so that the American people can embrace a notion of racial inclusiveness and ideological diversity, indispensable in the time of economic and international crises.Again we can find the idea of a WE. Conclusion It is now obvious that Paul Chilton theory can be applied. We can see that it is the play together of the different methods and many more make a discourse unique and manipulative. But it is important to know in which context the discourse has been written as the context can change the words, emotions and nitty-gritty in a political discourse. In Obamas speech we can find the concept of pragmatism, liberalism, inclusiveness, acceptance of religious and ethnic diversity and unity. As such the result of keywords of his run for presidency.This is shown by the prominent words employed by Obama nation, new and America, and a overall dominance of the personal pronoun We understood as necessary in the time of national peril The results of the biblical references, which Paul Chilton explains as only way to motivate and capture Americas population, have shown that Obamas choice of citations (quoting the Corinthians) was to strengthen the notion of unity and brotherly love among the various members of the American diverse society. As such we can see that his methods were well used and can be found by the methods of Paul Chilton.Obama stands for his candidature through his speech and ideology, world wide as a new wind for America that will rebuild and strengthen the country. And we have to remember that Obama is the first president that has been accepted as young and black person as president. Sources Primary source Analyzing Political Discourse, Theory and Practice, Paul Chilton, Routledge, 2004 Bibliography Article Discourse Society January 1993 vol. 4 no. 1 7-31 Metaphor in Political Discourse The Case of the mutual European House by Paul Chilton and Mikhail Ilyin Moral Imagination Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics, University of Chicago, 1993. Secondary Sources University of Louisville, Article by Judith D. Fischer http//www. law. louisville. edu/node/2720 Online catalogue, capt ious Discourse Analysis by Juraj Harvath https//docs. google. com/viewer? a=v=cachej-4vhWbO6a8Jwww. pulib. sk/elpub2/FF/Ferencik2/pdf_doc/6. pdf+=de=lu=bl=ADGEESgDn7GSv6cJcZ6acGq5vk-rpp0mNE_qyGy5vUUCMEdg4d1M9efiWLiSgl3CRzYChNf3gQkZQ-saUZib0C5oBU-XVpDkee3pDul94RL3VlIR6nWc4j-OIJTNBkD9oZuSmxh4ybhM=AHIEtbRfcX_PIha4KZfnvwVFTzxPnRNSDA Obama, the Lion in pass ttp//www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ -5 Speechwriting Lessons from Obamas Inaugural Speech by Andrew Dlugan http//sixminutes. dlugan. com/inauguration-speech-analysis-barack-obama-inaugural/ Online Document A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obamas Speeches By Junling Wang https//docs. google. com/viewer? a=v=cacheHzMPBXpzbW8Jojs. academypublisher. com/index. php/jltr/article/download/0103254261/1807+=de=lu=bl=ADGEEShaYaCyse11UxuFQk1KY0Zb0oOh15Ng1vgnuIdLSpdkL4Ia5nqoDh1DV-aO46J-bKQV9Fyfc3mz1MrZ5VTIrAnm85bmHXzt4cJZgNLYXFeuExE4wl1-SjUvUuEWd78WR0jiI5aV=AHIEtbT3Yd_sOMwtzg1_LtcSsaQh2FbYGw Wikipedia ar ticle about metaphors http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Metaphor visited on 21 November 2012 St Pauls garner http//biblescripture. net/1Corinthians. html Apendix The whole speech of Obama can be found on BBC http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/americas/obama_inauguration/7840646. stm 1 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Metaphor, visited on 21 November 2012 2 Paul Chilton, Analyzing political discourses, Page 49 3 Moral Imagination Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics, University of Chicago, 1993. 4 Obama, the Lion in Winter http//www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ 5 Paul Chilton, Analyzing political discourses, Page 51 6 Statistics taken out of Critical discourse analysis by Juraj Harvath (controlled by myself again) 7 A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obamas Speeches By Junling Wang 8 Paul Chilton, Analyzing political discourses, Page 174 9 Obama, the Lion in Winter http//www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ 10 St Pauls Letter s http//biblescripture. net/1Corinthians. html

Nabeel Tahir

It is indeed with great pleasure that I recommend Mr. Muhammad Shoaib to abide by his Master of Electrical Engineering. I have been associated with the Department of Electrical Engineering for the past 4 years and in that course of time had the opportunity to act and assess many students who have passed through the portals of this Department. I have been in contact with Mr. Muhammad Shoaib ever since his 3rd year of engineering when he attended the course of Control Systems which I taught.From day one, I have seen many examples of his talent and have long been impressed by his diligence and work ethic. He is extremely motivated and his apparent enthusiasm and interest in the subject is supported by his diligent work. He is smart, a high achiever, and eager to learn. He has endlessly shown an extraordinary sense of perception of the subjects, and has made a difference to the classes with his insightful remarks. In all his course activities, his grades have been above average and he stands in the top 3% of her class.Now, being our faculty member he is teaching Control Systems theory course with me to the undergraduates of electrical engineering. This speaks to his overall intellect and ability to learn, attributes that give serve him well in graduate study. Mr. Shoaib actively participated in extra-curricular activities also. He was an active member of the Electronic Club and Social Secretary of IEEE, UET Lahore Section. On inter-personal aim too, Mr. Shoaib has endeared his self to his class-mates with his kind and compassionate nature.Inasmuch as these qualities, he is elected as Joint Secretary, Teacher Staff Association at UET Lahore for the year 2010. His combination of intelligence, commitment, perseverance, creativity, and compassionate character will certainly make him a valuable member of any academic program. It is for these reasons that I offer high recommendations for Shoaib without reservations. His drive and abilities will real be an asset to your institution. I encourage you to look favorably upon his application. If you have any questions regarding this recommendation, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Bloom’s Research and Response Essay

Each domain has its own set of specific expectations. Bloom broke down his taxonomy into different aims of complexity. They are arraigned in a power structure from less to more complex. When studying, the educator will use the levels so that mastery of the first level is necessary by the assimilator before the next level can be reachd. The Cognitive Domain focuses on knowledge and developing the skills of comprehension, it also uses critical thinking skills. There are six levels of complexity in this Domain Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation.The Affective Domain focuses on how the learner deals with emotions and with his mightiness to feel empathy for others. Bloom broke down this domain into five levels Receiving (awareness), Responding (active participation in the larn process), Valuing, Organization, and Internalizing (values held that influence a behavior so it becomes a characteristic). The third domain, the psychomotor Domain was no t broken down into subcategories by Bloom but by Simpson in 1972. The Psychomotor Domain focuses on the ability to manipulate an object physically.This domain has seven levels Perception, Set (readiness to act), Guided Response, Mechanism, Complex Overt Response (the ability to perform without hesitation), Adaptation, and Origination. When used, Blooms Taxonomy will provide the educator with a measurable way to assess the level of comprehension of the taught information by the learner (Big Dog and Little Dogs Performance Juxtaposition, 2010). Nurses can use Blooms teaching method in educating longanimouss with chronic indispositions. maiden the nurse must assess the patient for level of understanding and readiness to learn.The nurse uses the Cognitive Domain to teach the patient about his specific disease and to facilitate understanding of all concepts associated with the disease and its treatments. In following the hierarchy the nurse would start with the simplest information an d ideas and increase the complexity of the information after the patient has exhibited comprehension of the previously taught material. Using the Affective Domain the nurse helps the patient deal with his emotions related to his diagnosis and to attach a value to it.Once a patient has processed the information given to him, realizes the importance of managing his care and placing a value on its importance, he is ready to use the psychomotor domain. The educator uses the Psychomotor domain to teach the skills portion of education. Diabetics need to learn how to use blood glucose testing equipment patients may need to learn how to self-catheterize these are just two examples of skills that nurses teach that fall under this domain. There are many areas of education a nurse teaches daily.One of which is the information given to patients with chronic diseases in order for them to achieve or maintain self-sufficiency. Blooms teaching method gives those patients the best chance at masterin g the necessary information and skills needed to live daily with a chronic illness.

Ib Eggshell Report

Candidates name Eunika Orlowska Candidates event Schools name Schools number Determining the amount of CaCO3 in globeshell of hens egg Design DCP CE Aspect 1 Aspect 2 Aspect 3 Introduction The back titration is a method utilize in find the amount of excess of the reagent. The atomic number 20 carbonate is a substance which gives the shield stiffness. Research question What is the amount of calcium carbonate in the eggshell thrifty by back titration? Table 1. Variables.Type of variable Variable Unit Dependent Amount of calcium carbonate in eggshell % by mass self-supporting Volume of titrated excess of hydrochloric aced cm3 Controlled Volume of hydrochloric acid burthen of eggshell Temperature Amount of phenolophateine cm3 g oC drop Uncontrolled Purity of dissolving agents Biological diversity of eggs contract hPa Equipment buret 5 beakers 50 cm3 baguette 1 plastic pipette balance clamp 2,5 g of eggshell mortar 100 cm3 of 1 breakwaterdm-3 hy drochloric acid ap. 70 cm3 of 1moldm-3 sodium hydroxide 20 cm3 pipette Risk assessment you have to remember to wear gloves, goggles and apron. Solutions may be irritating. Method Crush to distribute eggshell in the mortar. Fill each of the 5 beakers with 20 cm3 of hydrochloric acid measured by glass pipette. Add 0. 5 g of eggshell scatter to each beaker, measured by balance. While the reaction of eggshell with acid occurs, prepare the buret and clamp for titration. Make sure they are clean. Pour NaOH solution into the buret to the 0 level. Make sure all of the eggshell reacted with the HCl. If not, you can help the reaction by using the baguette.Put two drops of phenolophateine into each beaker using the plastic pipette. conduce the first beaker and titrate the excess of hydrochloric acid. When the solution starts to be pinkish, evidence the volume of titrated NaOH. Refill the buret to the 0 level and repeat the procedure for each beaker. Remember to record the results. Remember to be careful and to leave your workplace clean information Collection Table 2. Raw data. The weight of eggshell reacting with HCl and titrated NaOH. Number of trial Weight of eggshell g0,01g Volume of HCl cm30,05cm3 Volume of titrated NaOH cm30,05cm3 1 0. 9 20. 00 9. 60 2 0. 50 20. 00 11. 50 3 0. 51 20. 00 11. 60 4 0. 50 20. 00 9. 90 5 0. 50 20. 00 10. 30 Mean 0. 500,01 20. 000,05 9. 930,05 Standard deviation 0. 00047 0. 00 0. 29 Uncertanties were taken as in measurments, not calculated by formula, to avoid too large and unreliable uncertainties in further calculations in which theyre calculated according to formulas in case of division and multiplication =dA/A+dB/B, where d is overall uncertainty, dA is uncertainty of A and dB is uncertainty of B in case of addition and subtraction d=dA+dB, where where d is overall uncertainty, dA is uncertainty of A and dB is uncertainty of B Trials 2 and 3 were rejected because of too large differentiation of re sults. Data Processing Two reactions occured in the experiment. Firstly, the HCl reacted with CaCO3 and secondly, the excess of HCl was neutralized by NaOH. 2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O 1. Calculating the amount of HCl at the beginning of reaction CmHCl = 1. 0 moldm-3 VHCl = 20. 00 cm3 = 0. 20 dm3 0. 00005 n = Cm * V n = 1. 0* 0. 020 = 0. 020 mol 0. 00025 2. Calculating mean amount of NaOH which neutralized the excess of HCl CmNaOH = 1. 0 moldm-3 VNaOH = 9. 93 cm3 = 0. 0099 dm3 0. 00005 n = Cm * V n = 1. 0 * 0. 0099 = 0. 0099 mol 0. 0005 3. Calculating the amount of HCl which reacted with CaCO3 0. 020 mol 0. 0099dm3 = 0. 010 mol 0. 00075 4. Calculating the amount of CaCO3 which was in the eggshell We know that the hoagie ratio in the reaction between HCl and CaCO3 is 2/1, which means that 2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of CaCO3. If 0. 010 moles of HCl reacted with CaCO3 then there was 0. 05 mole of CaCO3 in the eggshell. nCaCO3 = 0. 010/2 = 0. 0050 . 0075 5. Calculating the percentage of CaCO3 in the eggshell. MCaCO3 = 40. 09 + 12. 01 + 3 * 16,00 = 100. 1 gmol-1 nCaCO3 = 0. 005 mol 0. 0075 m = M * n m = 0. 005*100. 1 = 0. 50 g 0. 0075 meggshell=0. 50 0. 01 CCaCO3 in eggshell = 0. 50 / 0. 50 = 100 % 3. 5% Table 3. The results and uncertaities Calculated value Value Uncertainty Number of moles of HCl at the beginning of reaction 0. 020 mol 0. 00025 mol Mean amount of NaOH which neutralized HCl 0. 0099 mol 0. 005 mol Mean amount of HCl which reacted with CaCO3 in the eggshell 0. 010 mol 0. 00075 mol Number of moles of CaCO3 in the eggshell 0. 005 mol 0. 0075 mol Molar mass of CaCO3 100,1 gmol-1 Percentage of CaCO3 100% 3. 5% The eggshell consists of 94-97% of calcium carbonate, meanly 95. 5 %. From collected data it is 100%, which suggests that percentage error was not big and remains in accepted value of 20%. percentage error = ( notional value experimental value ? theoretical value) x 100% = (95. 5 100 ? 95. 5) = 4 %Conclusion and Evaluation The eggshell consists of 94 97% of calcium carbonate. The experiment suggests that the eggshell has 100% of calcium carbonate and the percentage error is 4 % which means calculations and results where accurate. The fact that the result has shown 100% of calcium carbonate in the eggshell may lay in the construction of eggshell which is biological machine to give hens embryo the best possible environment for development. Apart from calcium carbonate, there are other components of eggshell, for grammatical case magnesium carbonate and calcium phosphate which also react with hydrochloric acid.Reaction of calcium phosphate with hydrochloric acid Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HCl 3CaCl2 + 2H3PO4 this reaction shouldt have influence on titration that much, because as a result theres the same number of hydrogen ions which can be neutralized, but the second reaction, of magnesium carbonate and hydrochloric acid MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O also takes HCl to i ts reaction, decreases number of H+ ions and so suggests that more(prenominal) HCl reacted with calcium carbonate. This is the uncontrolled variable, the impurity of the eggshell, which affected the result.Other factor, which may have had influence on the results is the humans imprecision. The used equipment was as accurate as possible in school laboratory, but still, the titration is made by hand and by eye, which may make mistakes although back titration is the best possible way in school laboratory to check the amount of particular components in mixtures. Other method, which would distinguish between magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate is gas spectrum analysis mass spectrometry. This method uses combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. First, the substance is put into gas chromatograph.The mobile phase, in which the particles of substances move towards the stationary phase is made of indifferent gas, such as nitrogen or helium. In this, the substance is separa ted into particular components and then, the mass spectrometer analyses the components to identify them. This method is commonly used to cook the ingredients of substances, of food, beverages, perfumes. Also, it is useful in medicine and and in exploring Universe, for example, one GC-MS was taken by Curiosity to examine the surface of Mars. Summing up in school laboratory, accuracy of experiments is check by equipment.Better accuracy can be obtained by using more accurate balance, as no other equipment can be changed in used method. Back titration cant be replaced by other methods of determining the percentage of CaCO3 in the eggshell, as it is the best way to do it in school laboratory, although generally more accurate methods are created, using machines which exclude the human factor from experiments, for example gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Bibliography http//antoine. frostburg. edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/eggshell-composition. shtml 18th November 2012 J. Green, S. Damji Chemistry IBID 2008

Analysis Of Different Types Of Competition Economics Essay

To travel markets back towards perfect aspiration, have to hold a really big figure of houses, complete freedom of entry, a homogenous merchandise and perfect cognition of the computables. In the short tally, the supranormal net incomes can be because there is no clip for new houses to quest after the market. However, the supranormal net incomes will be competed by new houses in the long tally. In the short tally, the demand curve and the supply curve is match to fringy cost. In the long tally, m whiztary c be for is equal to hanker run mean cost. The perfect competition market is a fiscal value taker, so the fiscal value is non alteration.MonopolyIn monopoly, has merely one house in an industry, restricted or wholly out of use freedom of entry, merely one alone merchandise. Barriers to the entry of new houses is apparent to protect a monopoly from rivals such as economic systems of graduated table, control over supplies of inputs or end products, patents or right of first pu blication, and tactics to extinguish challengers. Monopoly will acquire maximized monetary values. If the demand curve and cost curve of monopoly are the uniform of absolutely competitive industry, monopoly will bring forth less and halt at the higher monetary value than absolutely competitory industry to maintain their clients. Potential of rivals is of trade such as a house s monetary value and scheme.Monopolistic CompetitionIn monopolistic competition, has a rather big figure of houses, unrestricted freedom of entry, has various sort of merchandises. In the short tally, the houses can gain supranormal net incomes because clients still want to purchase the merchandises even though the monetary value goes up. However, in the long tally, the demand curve will touch the long-term norm cost curve it means the monetary value goes up so clients do non desire to purchase the merchandises because their wages still the same degree. on that pointfore, the houses will non acquire more net incomes. Many houses under monopolistic competition can indict in non-p sieve competition such as merchandise development and advertisement to keep an advantage over their challengers. Monopolistically competitory houses may hold higher cost than absolutely competitory houses, but clients can acquire different sort of merchandises. Monopolistically competitory houses possibly have fewer economic systems than monopolies and have less enquiry and development, but they can maintain monetary values lower than under monopoly.OligopolyIn oligopoly, has few figure of houses, restricted freedom of entry, has apathetic merchandises or merchandise distinction. alike the houses under monopolistic competition, there are assorted barriers to the entry but similar to under monopoly.Chapter fourMarket StructuresTable Of ContentssIntroduction . p. 1Theory . pp. 2 3Part I Perfect Competition . pp. 4 7Part II Monopoly . pp. 8 10Part III Monopolistic Competition . pp. 11 13Part IV Oligopoly . pp. 14 15Decision . p. 16Mentions . p. 17IntroductionPresents, the market manifestation of the concern are plentiful and assorted. Classifying markets require each telephoner or house have to understand item clearly to be after the right manner to make concern. As a consequence, market construction has four sorts Perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. It can be said, in any states which besides happen to positive and negative of each type. Therefore, chapter Four of Necessities of political economy is traveling to explicate four types of market construction.Besides, the competitions are between companies together is based on what sort of concern and the strength they have from each detail instance. This chapter besides give information about advantage and disadvantage of market construction because approximately sorts can acquire much net income merely and some sorts have to cope. In peculiar, each house will hold assorted schemes because they will hold assorted challengers and competitions.TheoryThe manner purchasers and providers interacts each other in the industry to make up ones drumhead the monetary value and the measure is defined as market construction. There are 4 market constructions that have been utilise in the economic worldly concern Perfect competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic competition ( Imperfect competition ) and Oligopoly.Perfect competition is the free-entry market in which there are innumerable purchasers and Sellerss called monetary value taker. They have no power to command the monetary value of the merchandises which merely based on demand and supply in the market.There is a market that has merely individual marketer. It is stated as Monopoly market where the monetary value is set by one marketer. Example EVN, PetrolimexMonopolistic competition or Imperfect competition is similar to hone competition, which has a batch of Sellerss bring forthing a differentiated merchandise. Each can put its ain monetary value and measure nevertheless, they are excessively little to act upon the whole market monetary value and measure.Oligopoly is the market which has a little figure of Sellerss in the industry. At least one determination about the monetary value or the measure of one house can count to the others.Finally, when different purchasers buy the merchandise by different monetary value, that statement isdefined as monetary value favoritism. In international trading, sometime it can do adumping 1 .CASE STUDYChapter 4Market STRUTURESPart IPERFECT COMPETITIONThe economic system, in general, is all about competition. Competition is good because it makes clients to be a male monarch who can make up ones mind what productions they will utilize and how quality is that. However, true aims of houses are nt to do the clients to be a male mo narch. What they try to make is maximise their net incomes. But in perfect competition market , the fact is, houses can do supranormal net incomes in the short-term but in the long tally they wo nt do any net incomes. They merely have adequate to remain in concern. Perfect competition is a market construction where all houses produce the same merchandise and noA producerA orA consumerA has the rightA or ability toA controlA theA market, A asA affect the monetary value.Perfect Competition is merely a theory that does nt be in the existent universe because of somany conditions have to be met. However, there are markets that come near toperfect competition market if it has four following conditions.First, there are so many houses or manufacturers that participate in the market and none of them have a right to alter the market monetary value. For case, the market for rice in Vietnam is so broad. Regardless of one husbandman has produced 100 more kgs of rice, the rice market monetary va lue is still maintained the same. This status of each house being so little that they are undistinguished comparative to the market is what makes the MR curve horizontal or absolutely elastic. 2 Fringy revenue enhancement curve 3 One house can bring forth a noticeable sum of end product but it is nil compared to the market. As a consequence, the extra end product the house produces can be sold at the same monetary value as smaller measures of end product.Second, it has to be the market where all houses are selling an indistinguishable merchandise produced in the same manner. When all houses produce an indistinguishable merchandise, they are called homogenous merchandises. 4 The stick in about homogenous merchandises means that all houses will sell their merchandises at the same monetary value. If all the merchandises from different houses are indistinguishable, clients will choose houses by taking the lowest monetary value. Any house that set their monetary value higher than other s will nod off all its clients.Third, there is no bound to come in or go out the market means that new houses can easy acquire into the industry every bit good as the older houses can acquire out. In long-term, this is really of import. New houses when they try to come in the industry, there is no other manner to vie with other houses beside of lower their monetary value to pull clients. The existing houses must follow the new lower monetary value in order non to lose clients and after that, supranormal net incomes are no more. That is the ground why in long tally, houses merely make adequate net incomes to remain in the concern.Finally, 4th conditions, is that all houses are to the full cognizant of monetary values, the manner of lower cost of production and market chances and clients know all about the monetary value, the quality of the merchandise at all times. 5 The economic expert called it by perfect cognition or perfect information.Although Perfect Competition does nt be in any existent economic systems, it is an ideal economic that make the economic become better and more expeditiously. In other words,

Patellar Tendinopathy Cause And Management Health And Social Care Essay

Patellar tendinopathy is considered to be the devolvement of the kneecap heft from everywhereexploitation. It is more than(prenominal) prevailing in activities that involve vigorous jumping and landing motions which produce the greatest warmness of emphasis on the patellar musculus. Due to the change magnitude designing of showing instances of PT, it is necessary for clinicians to apprehend the pathophysiology of the status in comparing to the normal construction of the patellar sinew, the biomechanical detailors act uponing the burden forces on the sinew and accordingly how to physique and handle PT, as discussed in this paper. From our research it is clear that concrete grounds in footings of the predominating mechanism of hurt and most efficient intervention is still missing, and farther surveies in this country are required.IntroductionPatellar tendinopathy, frequently referred to as Jumper s Knee, is a common hurt suffered by many jocks. It is considered to be a w ay out of inordinate exposure to vigorous jumping and set downing force, consequently its prevalence across athleticss such(prenominal) as volleyball, hoops and high leap. The patellar sinew is a continuance of the four quadriceps sinews and assists the extensor mechanism of the articulatio genus. The tight agreement of collagen fibers within the sinew derriere be exposed to microtrauma delinquent to overdrive. Be consume of the sinew s decreased capableness to mend itself, the micro-traumas finally consequent in tendinopathy. Extrinsic and intrinsic biomechanical factors target act upon the burden forces that the sinew is capable to and bathroom hence be considered lending factors to patellar tendinopathy. Clinically, the hurt can be diagnosed by the patient sing hurting on tactual exploration to the country and medically through the usage of imaging devices such as a MRI. The direction of patellar tendinopathy can either be conservative or surgical, with the recommendation being the usage of conservative steps for at least six months before surgery is considered. Due to the lifting Numberss of patellar tendinopathy amongst jocks and active persons, it is of import for clinicians to understand the mechanisms of the hurt and the intervention it requires.THE PREVELANCE OF PATELLAR TENDINOPATHYPatellar tendinopathy is a common hurt suffered by many persons in today s society. A recent survey ground that 14.2 % of jocks suffer patellar sinew hurting to some grade ( Lian et Al, 2005 ) . It is more prevailing in athleticss which require vigorous jumping and set downing techniques such as volleyball, high leap, hoops and activities affecting sudden interpolateations in way and speed. Another survey found that 44.6 % of male volleyball participants and 31.9 % of male hoops participants had clinical marks of patellar tendinopathy bespeaking the huge figure of jocks affected by the status ( Lian et Al, 2005 ) . In add-on, patellar tendinopathy is more common i n males ( 13.5 % ) than females ( 5.6 % ) ( Lian et Al, 2005 ) . This gender difference has been attributed to the fact that work forces are able to bring forth more power and patellar torsion than adult females and are hence, subjected to greater land reaction forces ( Bisseling et al, 2007 ) . In old times, patellar tendinopathy has been associated entirely with grownup jocks. However, recent surveies go through at any rate shown that the status is prevailing in junior jocks as good ( Brukner & A Khan, 2009 ) . Furthermore, patellar tendinopathy must non be isolated to the featuring universe as persons who participate in sudden alterations in activity and who are unaccustomed to such signifiers of exercising have besides presented with the status ( REFERENCE ) . Whilst the statistics mentioned above are comparative to their single surveies, their corporate consequences indicate a rise in the prevalence of patellar tendinopathy. The cause of this tendency is non known neverthele ss research has suggested that the addition in developing frequence and strength, old ages of drama and the importance placed upon athletic public manifestation in today s society has reachd to the addition in physical strain and sensitivity to hurts such as patellar tendinopathy ( Hale, 2005 ) .THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PATELLAR TENDINOPATHYTendinosis describes the pathology of tendon devolution and a failed healing response ( Tan & A Chan, 2008 ) . At the point where repeating, microlesion-causing harm to the sinew is greater than the sinew s capablenesss to mend it, microtrauma occurs. The sinew s unequal ability to mend this microtrauma will ensue in tenocyte decease, with an increased decrease in reparative capacity and associated sensitivity to farther hurt. The terminal consequence is the formation of a tendinosis zone within the sinew ( i.e. patellar tendinopathy ) ( Peers & A Lysens, 2005 ) . Macroscopically, patellar tendinopathy contains soft, amber, disorganized tissu e, different to the expected white and glittering tissue ( Hale, 2005 ) . Tendons are typically structured in tightly bundled parallel collagen fibers, nevertheless, this is lost in patellar tendinopathy, where the collagen fibers are separated by increased land substance and look disorganised and loose ( Hale, 2005 ) . Peers & A Lysens ( 2005 ) province that the features of collagen devolution ( this degenerated collagen is replaced with necrotic tissue ) and fibrosis are common findings among surveies on patellar tendinopathy. Blood vass in the sinew are unremarkably aligned analogue, nevertheless, the vass in tendinosis are indiscriminately oriented and most normally perpendicular. Vascular proliferation is besides normally seen in this hurt ( Hale, 2005 ) . Other features found in the pathophysiology of patellar tendinopathy include an addition in the glycosaminoglycan content of the sinew and the unnatural addition in the figure of fibroblasts. This hypercellularity of fibro blasts and cell proliferation happening at the correlative indicates that patellar tendinopathy is an on-going disease procedure ( Hale, 2005 ) . Inflammatory cells are absent in this upset, demoing that patellar tendinopathy is a non-inflammatory degenerative disease ( Hale, 2005 ) .THE BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO PATELLAR TENDINOPATHYAs patellar tendinopathy is a consequence of the devolution of the patellar sinew from inordinate and insistent land reaction forces, biomechanical factors can lend to the hurt. Abnormal extrinsic and intrinsic factors can impact the soaking up and transmittal of land reaction forces, which predispose the sinew to greater emphasis and therefore debasement. The greatest sum of emphasis occurs ( during jumping and landing? ) therefore the biomechanical factors during these motions are of high significance. ( REFERENCE? )Intrinsic Biomechanical FactorsThe stiffness of the leg upon set downingUpon landing, the articulatio genuss bend to assis t absorb the land reaction forces transmissible up the lower limb. A survey has shown that about 40 % of the landing burden is conveying proximately ( transmitted proximally? ) , foregrounding the importance of right pes, mortise joint and calf ( lower leg? ) biomechanics in order to cut down the burden on the patellar sinew ( Brukner & A Khan, 2009 ) . It has been shown that stiffer set downing techniques, by persons avoiding set downing burden, capable the patellar sinew to higher strain ( Bisseling et al, 2007 ) . The stiffness of the leg inhibits the daze soaking up mechanism of the quadriceps hence more ground reaction force is transmitted upwards towards the articulatio genus.Forefoot positioning on landingThe optimum landing technique is one which reduces the sum of perpendicular land reaction force transmitted upwards. Evidence suggests that forefoot landing can cut down land reaction forces by 25 % if have with hip or knee flexure ( Brukner & A Khan, 2009 ) . at that p lacefore, set downing level footed increases the sum of land reaction force applied to the constituent(a) structure and familial upwards towards the articulatio genus, finally seting more emphasis on the patellar sinew.Muscle failingFailing of the gluteal, quadriceps and calf musculuss contribute to altered biomechanics of the patellar sinew ( Brukner & A Khan, 2009 ) . Diminished map of these musculus groups alter the daze soaking up of the land reaction force, weariness and alter motion forms ( Brukner & A Khan, 2009 ) . Each of these factors will act upon the sum of emphasis applied to the kneecap sinew.PronationInitially it was thought that inordinate, drawn-out and/or late pronation altered the biomechanics of the kneecap sinew ( Ellenbecker, 2000 ) . However, more recent surveies have shown that it is the speed of pronation that alters the burden on the patellar sinew ( Grau et al, 2008 ) . This is due to the fact that an increased pronation speed causes before maximum ti bial rotary motion, impacting the transmittal of forces towards the patellar sinew ( Grau et al, 2008 ) .Mal- alliance and mal-tracking of the kneecapWhilst the mal-alignment and mal-tracking of the kneecap is more normally associated with Patella Femoral Pain Syndrome, it can besides hold secondary effects on the patellar sinew. The high speed alteration in the line of pull of the sinew during lading and droping motions can change the forces moving upon the sinew ( Ellenbecker, 2000 ) .Extrinsic Biomechanical FactorsResearch has suggests that extrinsic factors act uponing patellar tendinopathy include playing surface, frequence of preparation and type of shoe ( Hale, 2005 ) . For illustration, a survey conducted on volleyball participants found that 37.5 % of those playing on cement surfaces developed patellar tendinopathy in comparing to the 4.7 % of those playing on parquet surfaces ( Hale, 2005 ) . It has besides been argued that as athletics alterations, and athletic public pre sentation becomes more of import, tendencies which increase the sum of strain on kneecap sinews have been established ( Hale, 2005 ) .Clinicians must earn that any changes to intrinsic or extrinsic factors can act upon the burden upon the patellar sinew and contribute to patellar tendinopathyMANAGEMENT OF PATELLAR TENDINOPATHYPatellar tendinopathy is ab initio managed cautiously with the present(prenominal) intervention affecting abstention from activities which may worsen the status, ice, galvanism, massage, taping, anti-inflammatory medicine ( e.g. NSAIDs ) , or corticosteroid injections ( Bahr, 2006 ) . Improvements such as recovering strength, diminishing the thickness of the sinew and the standardization of the construction of the sinew can be seen after a sufficient and extended bizarre preparation plan ( Tan & A Chan, 2008 ) . peculiar preparation is a low-risk and cheap option, and should be the first option tried before sing surgery ( Bahr, 2006 ) . Cook ( as cited in P eers, 2005 ) has developed a list of exercising rules to utilize as purposes when pull offing patellar tendinosis which includeBettering musculotendinous map by integrating bizarre and plyometric exercisingsBettering the shock-absorbing capacity of the limb by beef uping the complete closed kinetic concatenationRetraining motor formsKeeping fittingnessStretching of hamstrings and calf muscular structureContinuing exercisings over six monthsCook ( as cited in Peers, 2005 ) besides developed guidelines for an bizarre patellar sinew preparation programmeUse diminution knee bends, integrate in complete sport-specific rehabilitationExercise daily, one time or twiceExercise for at least 12 hebdomadsStart at triple sets of 10-15 repsPain during exercising can be tolerated increased pain the following twenty-four hours is non allowedWhen exercises become less painful, get down constructing up by increasing the figure of repeats, increasing the velocity of the motion, and adding burden.Or thotics may be used as a signifier of intervention and direction for patellar tendinosis as they have the ability to alter the biomechanics of the pes and the mortise joint, which may be a conducive factor to the hurt ( Tan & A Chan, 2008 ) . Using ice to the country can hold a pain-relieving consequence, cut down the metabolic rate of sinews and diminish the extravasations of blood and proteins from the new vass formed in the injured sinew ( Tan & A Chan, 2008 ) .There are several surgical processs that can be used on patellar tendinopathy patients. It is by and large recommended that the patient should be sing patellar tendinopathy symptoms and functional damage for at least six months after get downing conservative intervention before they consider surgery ( Peers & A Lysens, 2005 ) . There is a assortment of options for surgical direction, with some processs taking to take the degenerative tissue or interrupt the sinew or the tibial tubercle ( adjunct site ) in order to orig inate redness and healing ( Hale, 2005 ) . Others involve surgical debridement of the sinew, in which the degenerative tissue is removed ( Hale, 2005 ) . Some of the methods include overt tenotomy with deletion of macroscopic necrotic country, arthroscopic patellar tenotomy, drilling/resection of the inferior pole of the patellar, resection of the tibial fond regard with realignment/quadriceps bone-tendon transplant, longitudinal tenotomy, transdermal longitudinal tenotomy and transdermal needling ( Peers & A Lysens, 2005 ) .DecisionPatellar tendinopathy is a turning job amongst today s jocks and active persons. For this ground, it is imperative that a sound clinical apprehension of the pathophysiological alterations, lending biomechanical factors, methods of diagnosing and intervention options, is obtained. In visible radiation of this, it is of import that farther surveies are conducted into the direct mechanisms of hurt and the optimum direction of the status so that clinician s can be more efficient in their intervention of the status and bring forth more optimum results for their patients with patellar tendinopathy.

The Fall of West Rome

The popish Empire was attacked by the Goths and the Vandals during 190 AD which started the fall of Ancient Rome wherein different parts of the pudding stone had civil wars that caused make headway deteriorating of Rome. Different tribes like Goths invaded the country since they want to move south to experienced better climate condition that is helpful to their farthestming. During this time Rome also has woeful emperor butterflys that cannot handle the job properly. When Emperor Diocletian ruled Rome, he decided that the Empire should be divided into two so that it will be easier to rule, the Western and eastern Empire was established in which it has its own leader.The problem that Diocletian faced was that more military barrier had to be created in which the Empire cannot support its cost. The taxes were increased which leads to swelling causing the rise of the prices of commodity which causes the leaders to become unfavorable to the people. The Role of Constantine in the F all of Rome Constantine became Emperor from AD 307 to AD 337 and he tolerated worship in the Roman Empire although he was not a Christian himself, he gave rights to the Christians. He did not taken into consideration that the new monotheistic piety was at odds with the pagan cults of the emperors.He also moved the capital to a new city Constantinople since he believed that Rome as a city was to far from the fundamental areas from a government level, this move was a bad one since it left the western empire vulnerable. The western empire was attacked by the Ostrogoths thru the eastern empire and the western Empire was attacked by the Goths, Franks, Visigoths and Burgundians. The Germanic Barbarians The Germans were exposed to the Roman world by border trade and serving as support to the Roman legions of the empire. The addition of the barbarians in the army gave way for the complete germanization of the Roman army.The internal crisis of the Roman Empire makes the things worst and t he barbarians realized it and defeated the Romans in the battle of Adrianople in 378 where the Roman Empire fell. The Franks, Angles, and Saxons which are all German tribes have established their agricultural life, the other tribes like the Goths, Vandals, and Lombards were nomadic but compared to the Romans they were less advanced. Romulus Augustulus was the last Roman emperor in the west and was replaced by the leader of Goths, Odoacer in AD 476 which was also the end of the Roman Empire.

Brave New World Connection Essay

In the globe state tingling find is encouraged and forced upon children lead astraying at an extremely young age. We had Elementary Sex for the first forty minutes, she answered. But now its switched over to Elementary Class Consciousness. The Director walked slowly down the long notation of cots. Rosy and relaxed with sleep, eighty little boys and girls lay softly breathing. (Huxley 71) This tool or game helps the world leaders, such(prenominal) as Mustache Mood, solidify the Idea that land up Is only meant for happiness and pleasure.As a reader you start to become uncomfortable with all of these little kids engaged In sex. In our current society erotic games or play argon completely Immoral and wrong especially for children but also for adults. The brains of children havent to the full developed and are not as sophisticated making them very potent and completely unentitled of understanding how these games could possibly effect their future relationships. The effects coul d lead children to mean that it is k to have sex with any(prenominal)one at anytime even if the person is some one who hey have never even met.Relationships are a sign of togetherness a sign of affection, but in the novel there are not any true relationships there are these sorts of friendships, friendships that are souls based on sex. This is a main problem that illusion faces with Lenin, he wants to engage In a relationship with Lenin but she Is Incapable of loving him the same sort that he wants to love her making John Incredibly frustrated and disappointed. Lenin wants sex and John wants love, this shows perfectly the pith differences teen the world state and our society.This concept of brain washing people and making them believe what you believe and make them do what you do, such as sex, is enforced by the world leaders. The world leaders are the world states people in the positions of highest power. The main course that the leaders maintain power is that they keep the c itizens in this constant high from the effects of a drug known as soma. Much like in the world today the people do drugs to suppress the feelings that are being felt and us it to subscribe to out a appear more(prenominal) relaxed version of themselves.Drugs in our life are an escape but in the novel they are required for everyone, much to the disapproval of people like Bernard Marx. Glum, Marx, glum. The clap on the shoulder made him start, look up. It was that brute enthalpy Foster. What you need Is a grammar of soma. (Huxley 43). In this quote Henry Foster and Bernard Marx are talking and Bernard Is speaking about how he feels like he doesnt fit into the important plus ideal because of his size, Henry he building.Although there are a lot of differences between the world as we know it to be and this fictional world created by Huxley, in some weird way Huxley seemed to know exactly where the world was heading and different topics that would become more influential and less infl uential in our lives. Sex is one of these predictions. When Huxley wrote this book sex was still a thing to be cherished but now it is starting to shift towards being more and more common and is somewhat loosing its value.Not o the extent of the novel where people are having sex with everybody and anybody but to the point where there is a T. V show about 16 year old girls who have become mothers. sex should be more than an act of pleasure, its the ability to be able to feel so close to a person, so connected, so comfortable that its almost breathtaking ( ). This quote was taken from an article where the author is coming off sensibly heated and is talking about her 19 year old daughter who doesnt even know who the sky pilot of her newly born child is because she had been with so many guys.

Why I Love Pakistan

Love is a great passion. It is immanent that man bonks his native country. The same case in with me. I love Pakistan because it is my dear home trim back. It was a conceive of of Allama Iqbal. And the Quaid-e-Azam struggled hard against the Hindus and the British to turn it into a reality. It appeargond on the map of the world on the 14th of alarming 1947. I love Pakistan because God gave it to us as a gift to fulfill our desire to remove it an ideal Islamic State. We got it in the name of Islam.It was the duty of our leaders to honour their pledges, notwithstanding we atomic number 18 ashamed(predicate) to say that they did not or perhaps they could not. It ought to have been an Islamic Country like Saudi Arabia, having a purely Islamic constitution an Islamic outlook of life and a strong love for an Islamic way of living. But we argon not hopeless yet. I hope a time exit devolve and Pakistan leave become a real fort of Islam (Insh al wizardah). I love Pakistan because there are still some people in it who demand crimes to be punished as laid round in the Holy Quran.And when this is d matchless each social and moral evils amongst us give come to an end. We shall then(prenominal) become Moslems in the real sense of the word. And then Allahs promise in the holy Quran that you result be most exalted if you become true Muslims go forth insha Allah be fulfilled. I love Pakistan because mend living in it we are openhanded from the maltreatment of the Hindus. We are not forbidden to sacrifice the cow. Our shops are not looted by them our houses are not burnt by the bad characters amongst them.The doors of all heavy serve are not closed on us. We re thankful to Allah because there are no ill natured Hindus here to fill our hearts with constant fear by their destructive designs and anti Muslim activities to kill us to loot to burn our property simply because we are Muslims. I love Pakistan because it is progressing by leaps and bounds in eve ry(prenominal) field. I love Pakistan because its army its Navy and its Air Force are strong enough by the grace of Allah to guard every inch of his sacred territory.I love Pakistan because its governing is our own government and its commerce its industry and its imports and exports are in our own hands. I love Pakistan because the doors of its services are all open to us and we are free to worship Allah as we please. We are free to go to mosques. Rather everybody is free to offer his prayers according to his creed. I love Pakistan because Allah wants it to exist despite our faults and it will Insha Allah exist as long as any other country does.I love Pakistan for the sake of all the saints who lie buried in it. I love it for the sake of all martyrs who fought for it. I love Pakistan because it will so wizr or later win for itself a place of great honour and importance amongst the Muslim countries of the world. It will become the fountain head of Islam. It will work for the glory o f Islam. Pakistani people will leave no stone unturned to spread Islam all over the world. I love Pakistan because it is the land of peace and its object is world peace. The CivilizationPakistan is not a recent figment barely a duration of 5000 years of account quite sheepishly, I admit, that I am an adherent of the count held by many historians that the Indus valley and the Indus man were always somewhat distinct from their brethren across the Indus. I do not give care to venture into this debate but I am proud as an inheritor of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and Mehrgarh (not strictly in this order) and this makes me feel rooted and connected to my soil as well as ancient human civilizations and cultures.It also makes me happy that no matter how much the present-day media hysteria about Pakistan (and natives in general) diminishes my country and region, zilch toilette take away this heritage and high points of my ancestral culture. Pakistan is not just Indus civilization it is a hybrid cultural ethos the Greek, Gandhara, the central Asian, Persian, Aryan and the Islamic influences merge into this river and define my soul how can I not be proud of this? The People I simply love the Pakistani people they are resilient, diverse and most entrepreneurial.They have survived calamities, famines, upheavals, injustices and exploitation and yet, by and large, retain a sense of humour. I am not naive to say that they are totally free of the various bondages of history but they presentment remarkable entrepreneurial and creative potential. Most of them are real and rooted and yet not averse(predicate) to modernity. in that respect is an urban revolution taking place in parts of Punjab and Sindh and the drivers are neither the bow nor external donors but the people themselves. The private sector has even contributed to build an airport.There is an ugly side as well the absence or predatory activities of the state (e. g. Karachi) has also provided a breeding ground for mafias but this is not a unique Pakistani phenomenon. From LA to Jakarata, much(prenominal) groups operate within the folds of urbanization. I am proud of my people who have proved themselves in all spheres and countries whether it is Professor Abdus Salam, the Nobel Laureate or Shazia Sikander, the miniaturist of planetary fame or Mukhtaran Mai who has proved her mettle in giving a tough time to forces of oppression.The Spirituality There is inordinate focus on Pakistani madrassahs, the pro-Taliban groups and the violent jihadis. How representative are these groups? Only Pakistanis know that such groups are marginal to the mainstream attachment to and practice of religion. The rural folk are still steeped in Sufi worldview and many versions of Islam exist within the same neighborhood. Of course there is manipulated curse of sectarian violence but that mercifully is not implant despite the attempts of big external players and the octopus-like state agencies.Ordinary Pakistan is, such as me, nurse their Islamic beliefs, are God fearing and follow what is essentially a continuation of the centuries old traditions of spirituality that survives in the folk idiom, in the kaafis of Bulleh Shah, and in the verses of Bhitai and Rahman Baba. Our proverbs, day-to-day beliefs are all mixed and laced with history, oral tradition, Sufi lore and of course Islamic simplicity. It is another matter that there are individuals who want to hijack this ramble and impose their nonsense on us but we as a people have resisted that and shall sustain to do so.After all we inherited the confluence of ancient religions and practices. Pakistan is where Buddha taught and Taxila shined, and where Nanak preached and the great saints Usman Hajweri, Fariduddin Ganj Shakar, Bhitai and Sarmast brought people into the fold of Islam. Despite the revisionist, constructed history by extremists in India, the sword had little to do with Islams rise in this region. The Natural sweetheart Well the spirituality of my homeland is not just restricted to the intangible belief systems. It also reflects in the splendors of Mother Nature.From the pristine peaks in the north to the mangroves of the Indus delta, Pakistan blends climates, geographies, terrains in its melting pot. Within hours of leaving an arid zone, one enters into a fertile delta. And again a few more hours put you right in forepart of otherworldly mountains. The deserts of Cholistan radiate the moonlight and the surreal wildernesses of Balochistan are nothing but metaphors of spiritual beauty. Where else can I experience the aroma of wet earth when the baked earth cracks up to embrace every droplet and where else can one find a Jamun tree with a Koel calling the gods?An everlasting impression on my being shall expect the majestic sunrise at the Fairy Meadows amid the Karakorams and the melting gold of Nanga Parbat peak. I love this countrys rivers, streams and the fields where farmers testify their existe nce with each stroke, each touch of earth. I love trees that are not just trees but signify Buddhas seat or the ones in graveyards ply the seasonal blossoms. The Cuisine Yes, I love the aromas and myriad scents of Thai cooking, the subtlety of the French and Lebanese or the Turkish dishes but nothing compares to the Pakistani cuisine.Forget the high sounding stuff ghar ka khana (homemade food) no matter which strata are you from is difficult to find elsewhere (except India of course). Whether it is a simple Tandoor ki Roti with Achaar or Palak (in the Punjab) or the intricate Biryani with ingredients and spices of all hues, the food is out of this world. In my house, we were used to at least ten different rice dishes (steamed light rice/saada/green peas/vegetable/channa/choliya/potato Pilau), three types of Biryanis (Sindhi, Hyderabadi, Dilli or just our cooks hybridized Punjabi version), and my granny knots recipe of Lambi Khichdee.The list continues. In the Northern areas, the re are Chinese-Pakistani concoctions, in the North western Frontier there is meat in its most tender and purest form. In Balochistan there is Sajji, meat barbecued in earthenware at low heat until all the juices have transformed the steaks into a magic delight. And, the fruits and the sweets the mangoes that come in dozens of varieties and colours, melons of different sizes, the pomegranates and the wild berries that still grow despite the pollution everywhere How could I not love this eclectic cuisine? And Finally the sum-total of all five I love Pakistan as this is my identity immutable and irreversible. Simple. The genesis of this post. I am averse to the ratings and rankings that characterize the junk-journalism of our times. Much like the embedded style of reporting such a view remains partial and often ignorant of the nuances and layers of subtext that are almost unachievable in the pop-view of the world. Readers might question this apparent paradox as on the one hand I am participating in this top-five series and on the other I am also being critical.Well, well this is kosher from a South Asian perspective as we remain a mythical-modern bundle of contradictions. The real reason for me to submit my top 5 is the inquiring spirit of Mayank Austen Soofi whom I dont know and have never met. But I am quite sympathetic to his efforts at understanding Pakistan. At least he ventures into the other territory and unlike the mainstream media and writers, does not view Pakistan as a threatening collage of burqa clad women, terrorism and gun toting radicals.Even as he carries out his current obsession, i. e. Pakistan, there are many in the blogosphere who have questioned his motives and alleged deliberate derision of Pakistan and its inhabitants through his writings. Since I do not suffer from this sort of irrational paranoia, I am happy to let him write more on my country. At least there is one alternative voice, one un-cliched perspective from the other side o f the border. Even if my young friend employs a cliched format in this series, it is better than high writing churning more cliches

How Effective Are Celebrity Endorsements

How effective are Celebrity Endorsements Ever since the lay out of commercial radio in the 20s and the since the first silver screen entered the market, broadcasting messages by celebrities has been a tool employed to endorse crops. Just about every star was associated with unrivaled frequenters reaping he or she plugged. (1). Over the years fame s became an essential unwrap of marketing (more than 25% of television ads feature celebrities)(5), for the endorser it became an easy way of generating an income tour for the endorsing company it became a guaranteed way to reach a wide segment of potential clients.With the cost of eminence physiognomy deals ambit astronomical highs, one has to leadress the effectiveness of such expenditures on a companys marketing plan and whether the economic result notwithstandingifies the high cost associated with it. A better agnizeing to the aspects of celebrity endorsement is imperative in analyzing its worthiness it starts with the na ture of the endorser and with a main question of who is a celebrity endorser? A celebrity endorser is defined as an individual who enjoys public quotation and who uses this designation on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement (2).It is not the just the TV or movie stars, it encompasses people from the world of sports, politics and business among other fields. The role also varies from endorsing a product in an explicit modality as in I endorse, implicit dash as in I use, imperative mode as in we should use ,co-present mode in which a celebrity appears with the product and the cases where the endorser is an expert in the range of the product manufacturing or usage. No matter what role the celebrity takes to persuade the target audience and push them towards purchase(3) is the winder factor in the success of the campaign.Various psychological researches produced two main postures that endorsers fall into the credibility model (4) and the arising at tractiveness model (4). The Credibility model ties the success of the endorser by how trustworthy and how much intimacy and expertise he portrays to the viewer while the source attractiveness model relates the success of an endorser by his or her physical appearance behavior and how much can the viewer relate to him or her. a couple of(prenominal) variations to the two main models exist however one role stays consistent with any model we explore and that is the persuasive role that the celebrity has to play.In addition to the disparate models a celebrity endorser efficacy fit into a cultural categorization applies when identifying endorsers as well. Observing various disparate endorsements ads it becomes evident that authentic celebrities represents certain classes in society and are meant to target that class. Celebrities targeting upper class audience are different than the ones targeting middle class and lower class, while celebrities targeting one gender or one age throng are different than the other. The aforementioned(prenominal) differentiation applies to lifestyles, demographics and behaviors if the targeted market.It becomes evident that choosing a successful endorser requires careful tutelage to be paid to the target audience and to the endorser to ensure compatibility. This compatibility becomes the base of a successful endorsement campaign. Consumers have become aware and accustomed to a marketers approach, they understand the intentions of a marketer and subconsciously give the sack a wall to block his attempt at reaching them, and its a natural vindication mechanism that a person uses when feeling pressured to purchase or associates the attempts of a marketer to pervious experiences.And while the average consumer is learning to block marketers, fascination with movie stars and celebrities has always increased and reached all time highs with the base of reality TV. Now potential consumers are interested and have access to every minor breaker point in a celebritys life for the most part, this fascination opens the door to a different blood that is built between a consumer and a celebrity. A celebrity is no longer just an idol but they become an everyday advisor in the sense of fashion, lifestyle and even relationships.This tie down that is urinated between the viewer and a celebrity helps understand the effectiveness that endorsements have where marketers have failed. The celebrity builds book of facts in the eyes of the public and that percentage carries on into the product he is endorsing, and even though a part of the persuasion has to exist in the product it ego, but a celebrity uses his status and the character he has built to gain credibility and likeability among the target audience.This character the celebrity shifts to the product is known as the meaning (2). The transfer of the meaning to the product goes through three stages. The first stage is in conclusion the celebrity with the desired meanin g that they want to carry to the product this requires casting from the wide world of celebrity endorsers. The second stage is choosing which celebrity embodies the meaning the marketing campaign requires for the product, this stage is subject to expense restraints and availability.After decision making on an endorser stage three is the most complicated stage as in this misuse the endorser has to be able to transfer that meaning into the product, they have to make this meaning available to the consumer in a material form(2), this stage allows the consumer to accept the meaning they are given and accept the product and you use is a tool to build their own character. These three steps not only transfer the character of the endorser to the consumer but form a bond with them and the satisfaction from the product will add value to future endorsements.All these added values become part of the character of each endorser and that becomes the determinant in his or her success. The consumer is influenced by the character the endorser transfers into the product in two distinct orders, identification and internalisation. recognition is defined as the attempt of a consumer to believe the meaning or icon portrayed by a celebrity endorser (6), while internalization is defined as the acceptance of a consumer of an approximation that conforms to his or her values or belief systems (6) when introduced by an expert.Differentiating between those two methods would determine further the method of pairing the right product with the right endorser. An expert endorsing a product that requires high consumer involvement or that is considered highly valued or technological seem to have better success then a celebrity endorsing the same product. This result is due to the fact that products requiring high involvement by the consumer to use or products with higher value require a higher level of understanding for the product explaining why internalization is more effective.In re so ur a celebrity endorsing a product requiring less consumer involvement or a product that is presented by the check it portray would have a higher success than an expert endorsing the same product. This is explained by understanding the nature of appeal of these products, with a high emphasis put on image and emotional association which is highlighted by the likeness to the celebrity endorsing. All consumers purchasing a product understand that with their purchase a certain level of stake is involved and only when the return they expect themselves earning is higher than the comprehend risk will they commit to a purchase.Various studies were performed (6) to understand the nature of nature of perceived risk by the consumer and the effect of the endorser on it. The results are important to analyze, as understanding how to lower the perceived risk will serve towards more successful product sales. Studies(6) indicated that an expert endorser of a higher technological product (a comput er served as the product for the study) succeeded in reducing the perceived risk by the consumer, while celebrity endorser reduced the perceived risk by consumers towards a low technological, peripherally processed product (clothing served as the product for the study.Even though there are other risks that remain beyond the effect of the endorser such as financial risk however choosing the right endorser has a direct effect on the result of the marketing campaign and impacts part of perceived risk by the consumer towards the product. These studies draw a wider picture of how not only should we evaluate the endorser by the consumers post towards them but also by their effect on reducing the risk related to a product that a consumer considers in its evaluation.Now that the selection process of an endorser and the guidelines followed in order to insure their effectiveness is explained we turn our attention to how we evaluate their effectiveness on two main goals of a marketing campaig n, tell on recognition and sales. Brand recognition and branding has evolved from traditionally world viewed as a marketing function to being viewed as heart of the business activity (7).It became an essential asset that has to be managed and its performance evaluated in price of marketing efficiency and asset valuation. To create value in branding a company has to create a unique and tender brand association among consumers. The consumers role in creating a strong brand is essential since the higher the awareness between consumers to the product the more valued a brand becomes thus resulting in equity brand measured by consumer perception rather than quantitative figures.The stronger the relationship a consumer has with a brand the stronger a brand is and this concept of brand-consumer relationship is explained by examining how a consumer achieves self consistency by purchasing products they perceive as a reflection of themselves this is defined as the image congruence hypothes is (7) in which consumers compare their perceptions about product to their own values and choose the one closest. 1. Ted Sherman, History Of Celebrity Endorsement (July 2010) 2. Grant McCracken, Who is the Celebrity Endorser?Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process ledger of consumer research , (December 1989) 3. Colleen Bee, Scott A Jones Who is trying to Persuade me? Exploring consumer Interpretations of Endorsement based Advertising (December 2007) 4. Hovland, Carl I and Walter Weiss (1951-1952), The influence of reference work Credibility on communication effectiveness 5. 6. Dipayan Biswas and Abhijit Biswas, The Differential Effects of Celebrity and Expert Endorsements on consumer take chances Preception(June 2006) 7.

Louis Xvi of France and Napoleon

The little Corsican http//www. pbs. org/empires/napoleon/n_time/html/page_2. html Click on date, then if you compulsion more information click on the event (will take you to event-specific pages) 1. Where and when was Napoleon born? 2. What did he do in October, 1795? And what title did he receive? 3. Under Napoleon as general, the French fought a extended war in 1795-6 with whom? (click on specific battles/victories to find out) http//www. pbs. rg/empires/napoleon/n_politic/people/page_1. html Use the arrows the john of the screen to navigate the page and move forward when you are ready. 4. Read Napoleons advert from Wolloch (at bottom). What was so appealing about Napoleon? What did he offer? 5. What agreement did Napoleon sign with the pontiff in 1801 and what did it say? 6. What was the Civil Code? 7. What did Napoleon do in 1802 to give himself more designer? 8. What happened on December 2, 1804?Considering the French Revolution and what happened to Louis XVI, why is that ironic? 9. According to Bertaud (in red), why was it important that the pope came to Paris for the ceremony? Finally, a kingdom as tiny as his ambitions were great. http//www. channel4. com/ narration/microsites/H/history/guide18/part01. html 10. Click on the Battle of Trafalgar. a. Who was the British leader in this naval battle and what happened to him? b. Who won the battle and what was the significance of the outcome for Napoleon? 1. What did Napoleon do on June 24, 1812 and why is that his biggest mistake? 12. Britain, Russia, and Austria toss off Napoleon and take Paris in 1813. What is Napoleons fate in 1814? 13. What is the goal of the relation back of Vienna? 14. Where did Napoleons final battle take place? 15. Who was the English commander at the final battle? 16. When and where was Napoleon exiled for the second time? 17. Why did the people of France give Napoleon a second chance after his exile?

Cyber-security Essay

The internet is no globes land. The whole world has been melted into a global village as the Internet pervades the homes, offices and veritable(a) phones. The internet has become closer to our thoughts and feelings every day as chat engines can at one time limited feelings and depict thought patterns. Information about self, plan of work, c areer, and family are similarly speedily acquirable and displace via the internet. Most, if not all, companies own a website where the clients/customers can access their information.In fact, financial institutions run transactions by means of cyber space. Security outfits have common soldier and confidential data on Networks that can easily access the Net. whole these point to on pellucid fact the cyberspace cannot be ignored. It cannot be ignored because of the risk associated with such(prenominal) move. This underscores the assume for cyberspace security. The responsibility of government is not just for the internal and border securit y of her quite a little it also includes security across the internet.Although the internet belongs to no one, government can take certain steps to promote her people from Internet fraud, spyware and other security threats. As the world shrinks, the Internet will by all odds be a means for evil doers and enemies of progress and freedom to use to perpetuate their obnoxious. This is another causal agent why the government must take the issue very seriously. This is why the collaboration between Symantec and field of study Cyber Security Alliance is commendable.This provides statistics about security issues on the Internet it postulates that only about one-fifth of data processor and internet users have adequate security protection although most believe they are protected. This means thither is a gap most believe what is not. Bridging the gap is an important aspect of the work of Department of homeland Security and NCSA. It is not enough to have statistics although they are fund amental facts upon which decisions are based. I believe these figures are even worse than what is said.The report does not show how many users were used for the research and how reliable that part can be. If this is the case, vigorous mass publicity and campaigns will help. This will involve state and federal agencies, and private organizations that provide internet and computer service. The article titled Americans confused as ever over cyber-security gives a clear picture of what the challenge is. The question is who is responsible for this confusion?The users of cyberspace have a gravid chunk of this confusion as they need out information about how to safeguard themselves from internet threats. It is likely they would have tried but the information is not accessible. This means that information on cybersecurity is not user-friendly this is a field where they really have to work. Besides, staying safe online appears daunting for many users. Since antivirus, antispyware and fire wall software are the frontline radical protections Americans should have, information should be readily accessible.Cybersecurity is obviously will continue to be important. Efforts have to mad now to safeguard computer and Internet users. This can be achieved first through information made available at the point of purchase tell people about security. Then, computer accessories Unit should have also succinct information for their customers. Internet service providers have a big role to play they need to prepare a package on cybersecurity like FAQs that can be used by their clients. level(p) updates should also be made available.